NDC Energy Commitments Tracker

Energy transition commitments are broken down further into metrics: clean energy deployment, energy efficiency targets, no new coal, phase down of unabated coal power, pathways to wind down oil and gas production, reducing fossil fuels’ share of electricity, and phasing out inefficient subsidies. The tracker also highlights where commitments are conditional on international finance or support. Hover over each metric to read the relevant language in the NDC.

To capture progress, the tracker assesses whether each NDC: 

1. Does not mention how the country will act on the commitment in question. 
2. Mentions how the country will act on the commitment, without giving a target or timeframe. 
3. Sets a quantified target or timeline to meet the commitment. 
4. Sets a quantified target or timeline to meet the commitment AND this is the highest level of ambition (either the country’s first NDC or an enhancement of a previous one). 
5. Or if the commitment is not applicable to that country, e.g. a country has no coal in its electricity mix (marked as cream/blank). 

It also identifies whether these energy-related targets are conditional on international finance or capacity-building support – hover over the target to see conditionality and the relevant NDC quote. 

Updated with each new country submission to the UNFCCC, this tracker offers a quick overview of how far NDCs are laying out concrete plans to deliver on the COP28 energy package — and where ambition needs to be raised ahead of COP30 in Belém. The full methodology can be found here.

• The majority of countries include quantified targets for renewable energy deployment: almost three-quarters (72%, 23/32) of the NDCs submitted to date either quantify their 2035 renewable energy goal, or, in the case of Uruguay and Lesotho, already have such a high penetration of renewables in their power mix that an increase in ambition is not possible.  

• 27 countries’ NDCs include quantified targets OR mention plans to increase renewable energy capacity without specific targets or timeframes. 
• Only three countries – Japan, Norway and Zambia – do not mention increasing renewable energy deployment at all in their NDCs. Norway directs readers to their National Inventory Document (NID), submitted in March 2025, which states that: “Norway produces electricity mainly from hydropower and therefore, emissions from electricity production are small compared to most other countries.” 

• Almost all countries – 91% (29/32) – mention improving energy efficiency in their NDC. However, fewer than half with mentions (14/29) provide a quantified target; the remaining 15 (52%) reference energy efficiency improvements without providing any detail. 

• Energy efficiency references feature on both the supply and demand side.  

• Of the 14 countries that provide a quantified target for their energy efficiency goals, 10 explicitly reference appliance efficiency and other demand-side measures (31% of all newly submitted NDCs): Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Cambodia, Lesotho, the Marshall Islands, Nepal, the Solomon Islands, the UAE and the UK. This matches earlier analysis from CLASP, which celebrates the higher rate of countries including appliance efficiency in their NDCs in this submission cycle, but states that actionable targets are still needed to maximise impact. 
• Six countries explicitly refer to improving supply-side efficiency, such as modernising the grid and reducing transmission or generation losses (19% of all newly submitted NDCs): Belize, Cambodia, the Marshall Islands, Nepal, the UAE, Zimbabwe. 

• 78% of countries that have submitted new NDCs (25/32 countries) either have no coal in their energy mix, or reference intentions to phase down unabated coal power. 

• Of the countries still using coal, over half (59%, 10/17) mention plans to phase down unabated coal power, with five countries providing a timeline for this effort. Four countries (24% of those with coal, 4/17) include a commitment to stop permitting and building new coal. These are Cambodia, Canada, Singapore and the UK.  

• Almost half of the countries that have submitted NDCs so far (15/32) do not have coal-fired power plants. 

• Only two countries, Cambodia and Nepal, have set quantified targets to phase down coal and are not members of the Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA). Cambodia is targeting a 72% renewable energy share by 2035 and commits “to gradually reduce reliance on coal-fired power plants while ensuring energy security during the transition to renewable energy. The strategy involves implementing a coal moratorium on new projects, accelerating the retirement of older inefficient plants, and transitioning some existing facilities to cleaner alternatives like biomass co-firing or LNG as transition fuels.” Nepal has set quantified targets to reduce the percentage share of coal used in industry and heating. 

• There are six PPCA members that have not included a quantified target or timeline to phase down coal in their new NDCs: Montenegro, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, UAE, USA. 

• 25 NDCs mention some kind of intent to transition away from fossil fuels in the power mix overall (across coal, oil and gas); 17 of these are quantified targets or timelines.  

• Examples include Kenya’s updated NDC, in which the government pledge to “Undertake energy sector reforms aimed at universal access to adequate, reliable, and affordable energy services, to enable the achievement of […] increased renewable electricity generation in the national grid towards 100% by 2035”. This target is conditional on international support.  

• Brazil’s NDC – which notes the country’s already high penetration of renewables yet includes an ambition to “expand electricity generation with an increased share of technology and clean sources” – mentions the need for launching international work to define equitable timelines to transition away from fossil fuels “with developed countries taking the lead.” 

• No country has provided a quantified target for winding down oil and gas production. Of the 32 countries that have submitted NDCs in this cycle, 17 produce oil or fossil gas.  

• Of these 17, only two – Canada and the United Kingdom (UK) – included a mention of reducing oil and gas production. Canada said: “New and additional actions may be considered as part of the development of Canada’s 2035 Emissions Reduction Plan. [This includes] Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly and equitable manner”. The UK notes: “We will consult on not issuing new oil and gas licenses to explore new fields”. The UK is targeting at least 95% of power generation being from renewable sources by 2030, and phased out coal in 2024. 

• 23 countries (72% of NDCs) target a reduction in domestic fossil fuel consumption through references to lowering fossil fuels’ share of the electricity mix. Of these 23, 16 provide a quantified target or timeline for doing so. 
• NDCs also reflect more broadly how countries are considering their transitions away from fossil fuels. A small but growing set of NDCs explicitly reference economic transition alongside energy targets (7 out of 32 NDCs filed so far, of which 17 are producer countries). For example, Barbados acknowledges the fiscal risks of shifting away from imported fossil fuels; the UAE links its climate goals to long-term economic diversification beyond oil and cites the COP28 call to “transition away from fossil fuels”; and Canada and the UK highlight worker re-skilling and jobs legislation as part of managed economic transitions. Others, including Moldova and the Maldives, reference economic diversification plans, though these are not yet the same as a comprehensive transition strategy to reduce dependence on oil and gas. 

• Very few countries reference fossil fuel subsidies. Of the 32 countries that have submitted updated or new NDCs in this cycle, 23 (72%) have not mentioned fossil fuel subsidy reform, despite its inclusion in Paragraph 28. 

• Five countries (16%) mentioned fossil fuel subsidies, but did not include a timeline for their phase out: the Maldives, Moldova, Switzerland, UAE, Uruguay. 

• Three countries (10%) provided a quantified goal or timeline for phasing out fossil fuel subsidies: Canada, the Marshall Islands, and the UK. 

• Monaco, Montenegro, Singapore and Somalia do not subsidise fossil fuels, so a commitment on this was marked as “Not applicable” for the country. 

• Over half (56%, 18/32) of the 2035 NDCs – and of EMDEs, 80% of the 2035 NDCs – submitted to date are conditional (or partly conditional) on international finance, technical assistance, or some other form of support.  
• The small island developing states of Barbados and Niue are outliers in submitting an NDC that has lowered ambition on an energy goal. Barbados revised its previous goal of achieving a fossil fuel-free economy by 2030 to 2040, “in light of the significant challenges faced by the country”. Niue’s previous NDC targeted an 80% share of renewable energy in the electricity mix by 2025; in its new NDC, this target has been pushed to 2035. Both these targets are conditional on international support. That the target has not been met, and the deadline for reaching the same penetration of renewable energy in the power mix has been pushed back a decade, signals that the necessary finance to deliver on these state’s energy commitments is not flowing.